The Link between Video Games and Behavioral Problems in Humans

For the concerns of this paper, there is a need to understand what is meant by human behavior and behavioral problems. The term human behavior is widely explained across various disciplines of study.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Link between Video Games and Behavioral Problems in Humans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the academic disciplines that have been associated with the concern of human behavior include, but are not limited to, sociology, psychiatry, anthropology, social work, and psychology. Generally, the term human behavior refers to the wide range of habits or behaviors that are exhibited by humans. In other words, this refers to potential and expressed capacity for social, mental, and physical nature of being, as realized in the course of various phases of life. Obviously, this domain is characterized by the way humans would act in accordance with the effect of different aspec ts that tend to influence various trends of life. As it would be observed, human behaviors are impacted by some particular traits as possessed by each individual, and are observed throughout the entire lifetime. Some of these aspects or trends include things such as attitude, faith, social norms or values, and genetics. A behavioral problem, on the other hand, refers to unexpected outcome on an individual’s behavior, especially one that is negative, which may result from bad influence of the involved factors. Environmental and social factors are thought to be great contributors of various behavioral problems in humans. For the purpose of this topic, this paper applies the science of human behavior in providing a deeper understanding on the link that exists between video games and behavioral problems in humans. As it would be observed, many studies have been conducted across the world to determine whether there is any link between video games and behavioral issues. However, th ere have been conflicting outcomes as well as perceptions from the work of various researchers who have played a role in this particular study. While some of these studies have pointed out a significant connection between the two elements, others have been skeptical about it, and have remained stubborn in their contrasting perception that there is no link between video games and human behavior. However, there is strong empirical and theoretical evidence from previous studies justifying the fact that there is a very strong link between video games and behavioral problems in humans. For the purpose of this paper, aggression and violence, both of which fit well within the identified context of social engagement will be applied among other behavioral issues. Video games, like any other form of interactive entertainment, are important for personal development among other benefits of leisure and entertainment. There are many avenues and platforms through which people could access and play video games, thanks to modern advancements in technology.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This form of recreational activity has become popular nowadays, especially with the teenagers and young adults, who are said to spend way too much of their free time in gaming activities on computers, mobile devices, and a variety of other hand-held technological devices (Anderson 119). Irrespective of the recreational benefits normally associated with such sedentary activities, their consequences on human behavior cannot be overestimated. As it would be observed, video and computer games may stimulate human minds to some extent, thus helping them to relax from the stress of work and study. This is arguably one of the several benefits associated with video games as far as recreation is concerned. There have been a lot of concerns, however, that these games would tend to have a sig nificant impact on peoples’ behavior, thus contributing to increased behavioral problems among the participants. According to Strasburger, Jordan, and Donnerstein, there is a very strong link between televised violence and potential human behavior, since there must come a time when the experience would be sufficient to justify action in the near future (761). Similarly, people who have had regular exposure to video games, especially violent ones, are likely to exhibit the behavioral elements portrayed in the games. One understandable aspect of video gaming is that it is active, unlike things such as watching television or movies, which are passive. Even though this is a special feature which is likely to attract many participants into these types of games, it is also a very dangerous avenue that can attract behavioral problems since it revolves around first-hand experience of violence. Just to add weight onto this perception, humans have the inherent tendency of learning bett er when they are directly engaged into lessons in an active manner, rather than when they are passively involved. Based on this argument, there is a high likelihood that video games would tend to have a direct impact on our feelings, thoughts, and behavior. In this regard, violent video games play a key role in increasing the chances of adopting and harboring aggressive or violent behaviors on individuals. Various studies on this subject have shown heavy players of violent computer and video games to possess aggressive attitude towards their siblings, peers, and teachers. More importantly, teenage pupils who have regularly taken part in violent video games have reportedly been involved in constant troubles with other people around them (Birch and Davison 893). Past studies have indicated a number of highly publicized actions from allover the world, where incidents of violence have been linked to peoples’ involvement in video game activities. There is also suggestive evidence that those people who are known to possess traits of aggression or anger have responded differently after being exposed to violent video games. Apart from exhibiting increased aggression or anger, such players have proved to be less angry after getting exposed to violent video games. Even though there is limited evidence to support this claim, there is a possibility of a close association of speculated behavior and the applied form of sedentary leisure activity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Link between Video Games and Behavioral Problems in Humans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As some proponents of video and computer games would argue, people don’t always bring into reality whatever kind of behavior they observe from various gaming activities. For example, those people who are used to playing video shooting games on computers would not allow this to transcend their normal behaviors or attitudes, and end up becoming murderers in real life. This, according to Anderson and Bushman, is a fallacious reasoning which is meant to mislead people on the countless studies that have shown the existence of a direct connection between video games and human behavioral problems (459). Violent video game activities may be cathartic to anger, as some people tend to believe. This, however, is not a perfect reason to convince humans, especially the younger generations who have been caught in the midst of this crisis, against the many dangers that are associated with video games. In just another perspective, the effect of video games on peoples’ behavior depends on the levels of exposure to the games. This has the meaning that, those people who are directly involved in the activities will have higher chances of adopting the behavioral elements portrayed in them, compared with those who have been indirectly involved. This notion was proved by Funk and Buchman, in a study that w as aimed to test the effectiveness of violent video games on human behavior based on levels of exposure. In this particular study, teenage participants were randomly chosen and made to take part in a violent video game. In the meantime, a different lot was exposed to nonviolent video games, for comparison purposes. The lot which had participated fully in the violent activities would later on appear to be more aggressive, compared to those who had merely watched the activity or the ones who were exposed to non-violent video games (Funk and Buchman 94). As it is observed from this research report, there is arguably a strong link between video games and the many behavioral problems observed in humans. Within the realm of modern psychological study and understanding, exposure to video game activities is likely to generate both positive and negative impacts on behavior depending on the context of the games. In this regard, people should try to disregard the less supported claim that expo sure to video games does not affect our behavior and attitude towards other people around us. As a matter of fact, there is no doubt in the conclusions reached upon in this report that video games, especially ones that have violent themes, do correlate with prolonged increase in aggressive behavior and a significant decline in prosocial behavior. This is a clear indicator of the strong connection or link that exists between video games and behavioral problems in humans.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Anderson, Craig. â€Å"An update on the effects of playing violent video games.† Journal of  Adolescence 27. 1 (2004): 113-122. Print. Anderson, Craig and Bushman Brad. â€Å"Media violence and the American Public revisited.† American Psychologist 57. 5 (2002): 448-450. Print. Birch, Leann Lipps and Davison Kirsten. â€Å"Family environmental factors influencing the developing behavioral controls of food intake and childhood overweight.†Ã‚  Pediatric Clinics of North America 48. 4 (2001): 893. Print. Funk, Jeanne and Buchman Debra. â€Å"Video Game Controversies.† Pediatric Annals 24. 2 (1995): 91-94. Print. Strasburger, Victor, Jordan Amy and Donnerstein Ed. â€Å"Health effects of media on children and adolescents.† Pediatrics 125. 4 (2010): 756-767. Print. This research paper on The Link between Video Games and Behavioral Problems in Humans was written and submitted by user Add1syn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

AP StyleGuard and the Death of Editing

AP StyleGuard and the Death of Editing AP StyleGuard and the Death of Editing AP StyleGuard and the Death of Editing By Mark Nichol Thanks to a new software program called AP StyleGuard, human intervention in improvement of written content is no longer necessary. All editors, please clean out your desks and report to Human Resources for your exit interview in five minutes; HR staff will provide information about career-change counseling on request. That’s a joke, folks. (So’s the headline.) But StyleGuard is fact, not fiction: The Associated Press announced it last week in a press release. According to the release, the plug-in â€Å"is similar in functionality to Microsoft Word’s spelling and grammar proofing tools and intuitively checks Word documents for the AP Stylebook’s fundamental spelling, language, punctuation, usage, and journalistic style guidelines.† That’s all well and good just another layer of technological assistance for writers, like spell-checking functions but every editorial enhancement like this increases the possibility of two unfortunate outcomes: 1. Upper management will assume that such tools obviate or reduce the need for flesh-and-blood-and-red-ink editors. 2. Writers will become less diligent about taking responsibility for the quality and clarity of their prose. Call me biased, but I strongly believe that the classic editorial-review protocol writer, editor(s), proofreader will never go out of (ahem) style. The latter stages can be (and often are) omitted, but at the expense of editorial excellence. As an editor and writer, I know all too well, from both perspectives, how the lack of an editing stage can have a deleterious impact on prose, or at least result in published errors. Also, I know that tools can become crutches if they supplant rather than supplement human judgment. Spell-checking and grammar-checking programs, StyleGuard, and similar innovations to come will never replace the writer’s own critical eye (or an objective second opinion), and there is some evidence that using them can cause one’s own editing skills to deteriorate. Not only that, but less skillful writers can overrely on such tools, accept their sometimes flawed corrections without question, and otherwise ignore their shortcomings. Do I use spell-checking? Of course. No sensible writer (or editor) should bypass the opportunity for its assistance. But I overrule it regularly, and I carefully peruse my prose (admittedly, sometimes not carefully enough) before I submit it for publication. Would I use StyleGuard? Of course if I adhered to Associated Press style. (And if I used a PC; it’s not compatible with Macs.) But I don’t. It’s ideal for writers who do so, thoroughly or with few exceptions. But AP style is highly formulaic, allowing for little flexibility or ambiguity. Compare it with the much more complex (and therefore, for me, much more useful) guidance of The Chicago Manual of Style. Because Chicago often offers alternatives and is much more detailed it’s ill suited for a regimented software program. By all means, buy AP StyleGuard if it suits your needs. But don’t uninstall your brain. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksDissatisfied vs. Unsatisfied

Change Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries

Change Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries 1.1 Introduction Over the past years, academics have suggested enormous numbers of change detection techniques of remote sensing imageries and classified them from a different point of views [ 28 ]. These techniques depend on the assumption of spatial independence among pixels. This assumption is valid only for low, medium and high-resolution images but insufficient for VHR images [ 1 ]. This chapter presents the concept, implementation, and assessment of seven change detection techniques using low, medium and high-resolution ORSI. The rest of this chapter is organized into eight sections. Section 3.2 presents a brief description of the study areas. Section 3.3 describes the dataset characteristics of the study areas (Sharm El-Sheikh city and Mahalla al-kubra city – Egypt). Section 3.4 presents the pre-processing performed on the image dataset before change detection process. Section 3.5 provides the accuracy assessment measures used for evaluation of the change detectio n process. Section 3.6 illustrates the concepts of the selected seven change detection techniques . These techniques are post-classification, direct multi-date classification (DMDC), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative difference (ISRD), change vector analysis (CVA), and principal component differencing (PCD). Section 3.7 presents the experimental work. It explains the Implementation and accuracy assessment of applying the selected change detection techniques on an image dataset of Sharm El-Sheikh city- Egypt. Section 3.8 presents the application of â€Å"post-classification† change detection technique on an image dataset of El-Mahalla El-kubra City-Egypt to detect the urban expansion over the agricultural area through the period from 2010 to 2015. Finally, section 3.9 gives the chapter summary. 1.2 The study areas In this chapter, two study areas are selected for the application of the selected change detection techniques. The first area is a part of Sharm el-Sheikh city. It is located on the southern landfill of the Sinai Peninsula, in the South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, on the coastal bar along the Red Sea as shown in figure (3.1). Its population is approximately 73,000 as of 2015 [ 62 ]. Sharm El Sheikh is the administrative hub of Egypt’s South Sinai Governorate, which includes the smaller coastal towns of Dahab and Nuweiba as well as the mountainous interior, St. Catherine and Mount Sinai. Today the city is a holiday resort and significant center for tourism in Egypt. The selected area is about 12.5 Km 2 . The second study area is a village belongs to El Mahalla El Kubra city. El Mahalla El Kubra is a large industrial and agricultural city in Egypt, located in the middle of the Nile Delta on the western bank of the Damietta Branch tributary, as shown in figure (3.2). The city is known for its textile industry. It is the largest city of the Gharbia Governorate and the second largest in the Nile Delta [ 63 ]. The selected area is about 38 Km 2 . 1.3 Images datasets of the study areas In this chapter, two datasets are used. The first dataset consists of two images of Sham el-Sheikh city acquired by Landsat 7 at 2000 and 2010 respectively as shown in figure (3.3). Area of the image lies between Lat. 28 0 37.0091 N, Lon. 34 17 56.3381 E and Lat.   27 57 20.8804 N, Lon. 34 24 43.6080 E. Table (3.1) summarizes the characteristic of these images. Table (3.1 )   Characteristic of Sham el-Sheikh dataset No Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Number of bands Acquisition date Size [pixels] Area [km 2 ] Width Height 1 30 m 8 bits 3 2000 382 364 12.5143 2 30 m 8 bits 3 2010 382 364 12.5143 (a) (b) Fig (3.3 ) Dataset of Sharm el-Sheikh city- Egypt acquired by Landsat 7 at (a) image acquired at 2000 and the (b) image acquired at 2010. Figure (3.4) illustrates the second dataset of a village belongs to EL Mahalla al-Kubra city in Egypt. It consists of two images acquired in 2010 and 2015. It is taken by El-Shayal Smart web online Software that could acquire Satellite images from Google Earth. The image area lies between Lat. 30 57 46.9032 N, Lon. 31 14 35.4776E and Lat. 30 54 47.00 N, Lon. 31 18 19.98. Table (3.2) summarizes the characteristic of this dataset. (a) (b) Fig ( 3.4 ) Dataset of EL mahalla al-kubra city- Egypt ( Google Earth) (a) image acquired at 2010 and (b) image acquired at 2015. Table (3.2 )   Characteristic of EL mahalla al-kubra dataset No Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Number of bands Acquisition date Size [pixels] Area [km 2 ] Width Height 1 6 m 8 bits 3 2010 1056 1007 38.2821 2 6 m 8 bits 3 2015 1056 1007 38.2821 1.4 Image Pre-processing for Change Detection Before change detection process, it is usually necessary to carry out the radiometric correction and image registration for the dataset used [ 64 ].   In sections 3.4.1and 3.4.2, the concept of radiometric and image registration are described. The execution of preprocessing on the dataset used is given in section 3.7.2. 1.4.1 Radiometric correction Radiometric conditions are influenced by many factors such as different imaging seasons or dates, different solar altitudes, different view angles, different meteorologic conditions and different cover areas of cloud, rain or snow etc. It may affect the accuracy of most change detection techniques. Radiometric correction is performed to remove or reduce the inconsistency between the values surveyed by sensors and the spe ctral reflectivity and spectral radiation brightness of the objects, which encompasses absolute radiometric correction and relative radiometric correction [ 26 ]. Absolute radiometric correction It mainly rectifies the radiation distortion that is irrelevant to the radiation features of the object surface and is caused by the state of sensors, solar illumination, and dispersion and absorption of atmospheric etc. The typical methods mainly consist of adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with the transmission code of atmospheric radiation, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with spectral curves in the lab, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with dark object and transmission code of radiation, rectifying the scene by removing the dark objects and so on. Due to the fact that it is expensive and impractical to survey the atmospheric parameter and ground objects of the current data, and almost impossible to survey that of the histor ical data, it is difficult to implement absolute radiometric correction in most situations in reality. Relative radiometric correction In a relative radiometric correction, an image is regarded as a reference image. Then adjust the radiation features of another image to make it match with the former one. Main methods consist of correction by histogram regularization and correction with fixed object. This kind of correction can remove or reduce the effects of atmosphere, sensor, and other noises. In addition, it has a simple algorithm. So it has been widely used. The radiation algorithms that are most frequently used at present in the preprocessing of change detection mainly consists of image regression method, pseudo-invariant features,   dark set and bright set normalization, no-change set radiometric normalization, histogram matching, second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum and so on. It should be pointed that radiometric correction isn’t n ecessary for all change detection methods. Although some scholars hold that radiometric corrections are necessary for multi-sensor land cover change analysis Leonardo studies at 2006 have shown that if the obtained spectral signal comes from the images to be classified, it is unnecessary to conduct atmospheric correction before the change detection of post-classification comparison. For those change detection algorithms based on feature, object comparison, radiometric correction is often unnecessary [ 64 ]. 1.4.2 Image registration Precise registration to the multi-temporal imageries is essential for numerous change detection techniques. The importance of precise spatial registration of multi-temporal imagery is understandable because generally spurious results of change detection will be formed if there is misregistration. If great registration accuracy isn’t available, a great deal of false change area in the scene will be caused by image displacement. It is commonly approved that the geometrical registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is recognized. It can be seen that the geometrical registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is necessary to change detection. However, it is doubtful whether this result is suitable for all registration data sources and all detected objects and if suitable how much it is. Another problem is whether this result has no influence on all change detection techniques and applications and if there is any influence how much it is. These Problems are worth to be studied further. On the other hand, it is difficult to implement high accuracy registration between multi-temporal especially multi-sensor remote sensing images due to many factors, such as imaging models, imaging angles and conditions, curvature and rotation of the earth and so on. Especially in the mountainous region and urban area, general image registration methods are ineffective and orthorectification is needed. Although geometrical registration of h igh accuracy is necessary to techniques used for low, medium and high resolution (like image differencing techniques and post-classification), it is unnecessary for all change detection t. For the feature-based change detection methods like object-based change detection method, the so-called buffer detection procedure can be employed to associate the extracted objects or features and in this manner, the harsh prerequisite of perfect registration can be escaped [ 65 ]. However, these methods neglect the key problem of the distinction between radiometric and semantic changes. So, it does not address the problem of change detection from a general perspective. It just focuses on specific applications relevant to the end user [ 1 ]. 1.5 Accuracy Assessment used for Change Detection Process evaluation The accuracy of change detection depends on many factors, including precise geometric registration and calibration or normalization, availability and quality of ground reference data, t he complexity of landscape and environment, methods or algorithms used, the analyst’s skills and experience, and time and cost restrictions.   Authors in [ 66 ] summarized the main errors in change detection including errors in data (e.g. image resolution, accuracy of location and image quality), errors caused by pre-processing (the accuracy of geometric correction and radiometric correction), errors caused by change detection methods and processes (e.g. classification and data extraction error), errors in field survey (e.g. accuracy of ground reference) and errors caused by post-processing. Accuracy assessment techniques in change detection originate from those of remote sensing images classification. It is natural to extend the accuracy assessment techniques for processing single time image to that of bi-temporal or multi-temporal images. Among various assessment techniques, the most efficient and widely-used is the error matrix [ 26 ]. It describes the comparison or cr oss-tabulation of the classified land cover to the actual land cover revealed by the sample sites results in an error matrix as demonstrated in the table (3.3). It can be called a confusion matrix, contingency table [ 67 ], evaluation matrix [ 68 ] or misclassification matrix [ 69 ]. Different measures and statistics can be derived from the values in an error matrix. These measures are used to evaluate the change detection process. These measures are overall accuracy, procedures accuracy and user accuracy [ 70 ]. Overall accuracy of the change map It presents the ratio of the total number of correctly classified pixels to the total number of pixels in the matrix. This figure is normally expressed as a percentage. It can be expressed as follows: The overall accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.1) User’s accuracy (column accuracy) It is a measure of the reliability of change map generated fro m a CD process. It is a statistic that can tell the user of the map what percentage of a class corresponds to the ground-truthed class. It is calculated by dividing the number of correct pixels for a class by the total pixels assigned to that class. The user accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.2) Producer’s accuracy (raw accuracy) It is a measure of the accuracy of a particular classification scheme. It shows what percentage of a particular ground class was correctly classified. It is calculated by dividing the number of correct pixels for a class by the actual number of ground truth pixels for that class. The procedure accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.3) Table ( 3 . 3 ) Change error matrix or confusion matrix. Classified land cover Actual land cover Class1 = change Class2 = no change Class1 = change Correct False Class2 = no change False Correct 1.6 Concepts of the selected change detection techniques Seven LULC change detection techniques are selected to be implemented on our dataset. These techniques are post-classification, direct multi-date classification ( DMDC ), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative difference (ISRD), change vector analysis (CVA), and principal component differencing (PCD). Image differencing Itis based on the subtraction of two spatially registered imageries, pixel by pixel, as follows: ID =X i (t 2 ) – X i (t 1 )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.4) Where: X represents the multispectral images with I (number of bands) acquired at two different times t 1 and t 2 . The pixel s of changed area are predictable to be scattered in the two ends of the histogram of the resulting image (change map), and the no changed area is grouped around zero as shown in figure (3.5). This simple manner easily infers the resulting image; conversely, it is vital to properly describe the thresholds to perceive the change from non-change regions [ 71 ] . Image Rationing It is similar to image differencing method. The only difference between them is the replacement of the differencing images by rationed images [ 71 ].

Historical origins of sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical origins of sociology - Essay Example Auguste Comte responded to the aftermath of the French Revolution and could see changes to society occurring with the coming of the Industrial Revolution. He is often credited as being the â€Å"father† of sociology. Comte sought to apply the scientific method and concepts of rationality which he defined as positivism to study human social forms. The field of sociology was formalized in the modern period by such thinkers as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx. East of these thinkers presented different theories that first sought to describe the way social and civic units were organized. These theories explained the importance of certain habits such as religion, aggression, or the way work was organized. In the West, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx are seen as the 'founders' of sociology as their theories, methods, and insights can still be used to understand and develop new concepts dealing with social phenomena today (Bilton et al, p. 5). But what is interesting is to raise th e question did sociology exist even before these thinkers arrived on the scene. Or if it didn't, what did it mean in other periods of history. Certainly there were thinkers who studied their societies at other periods of history, possibly in the same way that current thinkers study their societies. One can imagine an advisor to an Egyptian pharaoh saying to the king that the poor community should be organized in such and such a way. He may say that they should be next to bodies of water and arid land and as well to a military community. He would explain to the kind that the people who are currently paying the most taxes are the middle class and that they even recognize their responsibilities more to this one god than this other god. The king would ask why and the ancient Egyptian sociologist would then describe the history of the forefathers of that group of middle class people, to make it appear that their religion served certain needs which should be provided for. Durkheim, Weber, and Marx each studied the social organizations and the religions of various ancient societies. Also each of these thinkers eventually wrote works that were specialties and represented individual concentrations of each writer. For example, Durkheim wrote books on religion and also on suicide. Marx, of course is the most known of the thinkers. His work was more or less in economics and social theory that dealt with classes (Bilton et al, p. 100). Marx's partner, Engels wrote a books on the English working class. Weber's most famous book was The Protestant Ethnic and the Spirit of Capitalism", but he had also written on Roman medieval societies. Weber ventured outside his comfort themes to write about religion and Asian societies. He wrote about ancient Confucianism and Taoism. He also wrote on Hinduism and Buddhism. Durkheim and Marx also had studied different religions. Durkheim demonstrated the importance of religion in forming early societies and how some of its standard activitie s merged into civic activities. Durkheim’s theory of anomie, social deviance, today forms the basis for which many sociologists and criminologists build theories of social deviance and subcultures (Bilton et al, p. 386). His theories concerning the division of labor among growing societies help provide good understanding of Marx (who wrote before him) and other theorists. The early thinkers of western sociology were also familiar with economics. It was the changes which the Industrial Revolution had placed

Performance Analysis Between Told by and Idiots The Horse You Rode In Essay

Performance Analysis Between Told by and Idiots The Horse You Rode In On and Earthfalls The Factory - Essay Example Analysis of a play or a stage show initially demands the nature of its theme and in this point of viewer can make out the theme of political satire in And the Horse Your Rode In On. It is not possible for a viewer or critic to approach the Horse Your Rode In On merely an entertainment and the plays have need of a special attention from the viewer because of its effort of social criticism. In the same way, the dance program entitled The Factory bestows a new theatrical experience for the viewer through its magnificent performance. As a piece of popular theatrical performance, both Told by an Idiot and Eartfall made a unique effort in creating their latest works as a delighting one. It is obvious that And the Horse Your Rode in On captures the attention of its viewers through its theme and unique structure. Unlike And the Horse Your Rode in On, Ear fall’s The Factory marked its greatness through its magnificent movements. Both of them have their own compensations as well limitat ions in designing and performance. Hayley Carmichael and Paul Hunter tackle politics in first time and most of the events in this stage show concerned with politics and related violence. Advocates of the show design the performance of the characters of the show with the presence of number of intersecting narratives which illustrates political events. In this respect Brian Logan observes; â€Å"the show's ostensible subject is "extreme acts of violence and the lengths people will go for their beliefs" (Logan, 2011). Producers of the show effectively used the possibilities of black humor in their play. Director practices variety of performance strategies like mime, singing, one act play, and fart noises. All these techniques help the viewer to justify the intentions of its makers. The image of Conrad’s bomb-carrying anarchist permits the viewer to analyze the existence of armed revolution in modern world. Characters of the play made a conscious effort to create funny moments t hroughout the play and through these funny moments they transformed their criticism. Mat Trueman rightly comments that â€Å"Its outwardly jocular demeanor delights in slapstick and silly voices, but its core is a passionate reflection on revolution drawn out of a pop-cultural mash-up† (Trueman, 2011). The problem of identity crisis and gender issues that affected in modern society are obviously weaved in the play and viewer can hit upon the fact that the honest approach towards its theme is a significant reason for its general acceptance. One can begin the discussion about the performance of the play And the Horse Your Rode in On with a statement that it is not possible for a viewer to come across many occasions which makes much sense. Therefore, it is better for a viewer to watch it without prejudiced mind and stay away from questions about the reason behind it. The great thing is that the conclusion or moral of the play is brilliantly formed through a serious combination o f different stories and the outstanding performance of its actors. The entire play mirrors the inability of common people to have a handle on the real intentions of political parties and also the failure of people to be aware of terrorist’s motivations. The viewers can understand how an individual or a person with good intentions changed into an anarchist or how the lives of victims or revolutionaries changed into a moment of explosive. The great challenge that the performers faced was that the creation of humor in the play. It is evident that the

World Peace Essay Example for Free

World Peace Essay Have you ever wondered if world peace is something that we truly desire? If so, why haven’t we started doing something in order to achieve it? I’m going to tell you why: Because it doesn’t exist. Peace has become one of the most important everlasting issues in all centuries, and it’s a concept that will continue to haunt future generations as long as we keep on doing nothing to make it happen. It is an utopian idea which consists of respecting each other’s beliefs and ideals. This means having patience towards others who are different from us, no matter what their skin colour is, age, ethnic group, sex, social status or sexual preference. Currently, one of the most popular social issues is homophobia. Homophobes, they’re people who will never accept gays and lesbians because of the erroneous idea of being â€Å"abnormal†, â€Å"against nature†, because God didn’t make us â€Å"that way† biologically or simply because they feel repulsed by the idea of two persons of the same sex in love with each other. If they really wanted to give world peace a shot, they would have to understand that it’s a matter of different tastes and points of view. It’s something as stupid as preferring red over blue or liking both. Moreover, it’s something that you cannot decide for yourself, it’s the way you are and there’s nothing you can do about it. If there’s something imperative in order to reach world peace is that we must act out and it must start with us. To accomplish that, we have to feel comfortable with the way we are, the way we look and the way we think. If you don’t start by respecting yourself nobody will, consequently, you won’t be able to accept others as they are. Therefore there will never be peace amongst us. Peace has to start at home. It has to be taught to us since we’re little so we can grow with those ideals, and not with the ones we currently have, those of revenge, challenge, greed and arrogance. As this would never happen by itself, we would have to live in a Hitler-like regime where we would have to think and believe the same things so as to be equal. To be all raised this way would be difficult, robot-like, monotonous, very boring and would bring with it problems such as rebellions which are far away from being a peaceful act. Equality is a very important concept when talking about peace. There shan’t be difference between a man and a woman. It’s the only thing that would make us stop fighting amongst each other since there would be nothing to fight about. We would have to own the same things and basically have the same knowledge as your mate next door, and do you know what we call this? : Communism. If you think about this, it wouldn’t even work because now we know that there are some things that exist which we won’t be able to have when we live under this regime. Maybe in a completely new generation. If this were possible, we would have to have the same ideas or else there’d be the risk of creating new political movements, which would again disagree with this way of thinking. It’s a never-ending circle. This is something that also happens with religion. There have been numerous attempts of reaching world peace but obviously they have failed because of the different ways of seeing things. Religions will never come to an agreement with each other. Religions have actually caused more conflicts, separation and wars rather than peace. Which I must say is quite ironic. By now you should have noticed that world peace is an issue that can never come to an end because people’s opinions vary a lot and it’s a shame that we will never be able to walk down the street without being judged. But then again, is world peace what we really want?

Key Cryptography Basics :: Encryption Internet Essays

Key Cryptography Basics Problems with internet transactions As discussed in class there are several problems with internet communication. The major three are: Eavesdropping is the risk of having private information viewed as it travels from sender to recipient by a third party. The most popular fear is having your credit card number and information stolen while purchasing something online, but this would apply to any private information delivered over the internet. Tampering is the risk of a third party intercepting a private transaction of information and changing it. An example of this would be altering the recipient fields on a purchase order. Impersonation is the risk of someone impersonating a trusted recipient in order to receive private information. This Encryption Cryptograms in the newspaper are probably one of the most basic forms of encryption. A simple system of swapping letters for other letters is used to disguise the message making it indistinguishable to anyone who does not know the rules of the system. Even though the cryptogram system is so simplistic it is actually considered sporting to crack, the basic logic of encoding is the same for more sophisticated methods. Key Based Encryption (symmetric encryption) In this example of Key based encryption we first create a number conversion table so that we can apply mathematical rules to our message after converting it. Number Conversion Table: a b C d e f g h i j k l m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 n o P q r s T u v w x y z Space 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 0 Then we decide upon a key. In order to decipher this code the recipient will also be required to posses this key. It will become obvious by the end of our example that the shorter the key the easier the code will be to crack. Key: Encrypted We then take the message and the key convert them using the conversion table and add them together. Then in order to reassign them to a letter value we take the mod base 27 in order to restrict the letter assignment to numbers within the 0 to 27 table. Message: on the internet nobody knows you are a dog

Columbian Exchange Frq Essay

The Aztecs and Incas were extremely affluent with precious metals, and the Spanish were able to bring much of those riches back to Europe , boosting the economy by adding more wealth . Even the furs of the North American animals were extremely valuable back in Europe for fashion purposes, so the trading of furs became highly profitable . The economic system of mercantilism aided this influx of wealth; the newly prosperous nations gained maximum capital from their trading by establishing colonies. In mercantilism, the European nations exported much more than they imported to increase the wealth of the nation. The newfound wealth of the Americas affected the upper and middle classes, who benefited from the profits. Governments used the money to sponsor research in industry and to build up their militaries . The flourishing economy led to improved technology and militaries, thus causing a significant change in European society. Another major product of the Columbian Exchange was the introduction of new crops and animals from the Americas. The most important crop brought to Europe was the potato. The potato was a staple, since it provided key essential nutrients. Thus, it provided a reliable source of nutrients to sustain peasants during grain shortages, allowing for a population increase. The potato’s versatility led to its expansion, and it became a major food source for Ireland, Scotland, and Germany. It was more efficient to grow than the European wheat, yielding more crops per acre, meaning the potato would feed more people than wheat given a limited amount of land. The efficiency also contributed to a population increase. The potato became part of European food so much so that it eventually became known as the food of the poor. Other crops besides the potato also were integrated into the European diet, including maize, tomatoes, peppers, and chocolate, to a lesser extent. The North American turkeys also became part of the European diet . In addition, Columbian Exchange created the slave trade which heavily influenced Europe. In the New World, certain crops such as cotton, sugarcane, and tobacco were cultivated. However, these crops require a great deal of labor and attention in order to grow in mass quantity , since the harvesting a large amount of those crops required manual labor . The first Spanish conquistadors enslaved the native population or used an encomienda to meet those labor needs. However, the Spanish also sent missionaries to the New World to convert the natives to Catholicism, thus many of the natives converted; and since it was not acceptable to enslave a Catholic, the European nations looked to Africa to provide the need for labor. Slaves were sent from Africa to the New World and Europe. Eventually, many wealthy households in Europe had at least one slave. Owning a slave became a sign of money and power .

Reducing Carbon Emission From Existing Domestic Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate alteration brought about by planetary heating is one of the biggest menaces to mankind ‘s endurance. Due to human activity the temperature of the Earth ‘s surface has increased by approximately 1.4A °F during the last 90-100 old ages. Scientists have identified that nursery gases are the chief ground we are sing planetary heating. The last authorities was trying to battle clime alteration by puting one-year marks for the decrease of C dioxide emanations until 2050 by puting responsibilities on the Prime Minister sing the coverage on and accomplishment of those marks ; to stipulate processs to be followed if the marks are non met ; to stipulate certain maps of and supply certain powers to Members of Parliament with respect to guaranting C dioxide emanations are reduced and to put sectored decrease marks and marks for energy efficiency. This seems really easy in chief but in world the authorities has failed since the Kyoto Protocol. One cardinal country where they are neglecting is in the lodging sector as the purposes are chiefly focused on new places instead than the bing lodging stock. By the twelvemonth 2050 there will be 21 million places in demand of an ascent to cut down the C emanations being released into the ambiance. In this thesis we will analyze the grounds for planetary heating and clime alteration, what authorities enterprises have been introduced and what solutions can, hold and will be implemented to cut down C emanations with an accent on renewable engineerings. Introduction The authorities and industry must cut down their C emanations from the United Kingdoms domestic sector in order to run into their clime alteration marks. 30 % of all the United Kingdoms energy comes from the domestic sector and in bend histories 45 % of all emanations. ( 2008 Energy Technologies Institute LLP-Part of the low C invention group ) . By the twelvemonth 2050 there will be about 32 million homes of which 21 million will necessitate renovation as they will be the bing lodging stock. The authorities have set a mark of an 80 % decrease in C emanations by 2050 and in order to accomplish this end they will hold to put in insularity, educate homeowners on ways to utilize energy more expeditiously, use more low energy merchandises and provide energy from renewable beginnings. Purpose The chief purpose of this survey is to analyze ways to cut down C emanations from the United Kingdoms bing lodging stock. Aims The chief aims of this survey to analyze: A brief history of planetary heating and clime alteration What authorities statute law is in topographic point to cut down C emanations The current energy efficiency of the United Kingdoms bing lodging stock What part renewable energy can do towards cut downing C emanationsResearch methodological analysisThe aims outlined antecedently will give the reader a better apprehension of the capable countries. The research carried out will be a 50 – 50 split between qualitative and quantitative research. ‘Qualitative research is subjective in nature. It is research that can non be measured because it is non based on facts. It is based on people beliefs, their feelings and their ain personal sentiments and experiences ‘ . ( Naoum 2007 2nd edition ) ‘Quantitative research is ‘objective ‘ in nature. It is research that is based on factual information that can be proven. It could be consequences from trials, studies etc that can be analysed ‘ . ( Naoum 2007 2nd edition ) ‘Primary literature is research that includes academic diary, published original work and proficient documents ‘ . AND ‘secondary literature beginnings are beginnings such as text books and newspaper articles ‘ ( ( Naoum 2007 2nd edition )Dissertation StructureThe research into my purpose and aim will supply a greater deepness of apprehension of each capable country. The survey will give a background into the demand for an energy efficient lodging stock including looking at grounds for planetary heating and clime alteration. It will besides discourse authorities enterprises and energy usage in the domestic sector every bit good as the grounds why it is hard to accomplish the purposes. The bing lodging stock will be researched to determine their energy efficiency before and after renovation. Some of the primary literature I plan to utilize include ; Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The EU ‘s Contribution to Determining A Future Global Climate Change Regime The Sixth Environment Action Programme of the European Community 2002-2012 Our Energy Future – Making a Low Carbon Economy Action in the UK – The UK Climate Change Programme European Buildings Directive Met office action on carbon dioxide Planing for micro renewables – Renewable energy engineerings, Scots Executive, Development Department HM Government- Renewable Energy Strategy Some of the Secondary Beginnings I plan to utilize include ; Environmental scientific discipline in edifices 6th Edition ( Randall McMullan ) CIBSE – Energy and C emanations ordinances – A usher to execution The range for cut downing C emanations from lodging ( J.Henderson & A ; L. Shorrock )Literature ReviewGlobal heating and Climate ChangePeoples are the chief cause of clime alteration. 40 % of all co2 emanations come from nursery gases such as C dioxide and methane through energy usage in the place, driving and air travel. Global clime alteration occurs of course through oceans, alterations in the earths orbit and the suns energy but there is grounds that the nursery consequence is made worse by adult males actions.What alterations have been observed?planetary temperature addition: +0.75A °C over the past century with 2000-2010 the warmest decennary on record rainfall forms: wet parts of the universe are acquiring wetting agent, and dry parts acquiring desiccant humidness: additions over the lastA two to threeA decennaries make utmost rainfall and deluging more likely warming oceans: temperature additions in the last 50 old ages in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans are non linked natural fluctuations salt: increased vaporization is doing the Atlantic saltier in sub-tropical latitudes sea-ice: summer Arctic sea-ice is worsening by 600,000 kmA? per decennary ( the country of Madagascar ) , a long-run tendency merely explicable by human influencesHow the grounds stacks upScientists have used sophisticated methods to place these long-run alterations, and to so see: are these alterations due to natural variableness? ( alterations in energy from the Sun, volcanic eruptions, or natural rhythms such as El Nino ) if non, is at that place grounds that human activity could be to fault? Peter Stott, Head of Climate Monitoring and Attribution at the Met Office, said: â€Å" The scientific discipline reveals a consistent image of planetary alteration that clearly bears the fingerprint of semisynthetic nursery gas emanations. This shows the grounds of clime alteration has gone beyond temperature additions -A it is now seeable across our clime system and all parts of the planet. † The mean individual thinks that the conditions and clime alteration are the same but this is non the instance. Weather is rain, hail, sleet, snow and air current with changing temperatures that change daily, where as clime alteration is a survey of the conditions and it changes over clip. The nursery effect is the natural procedure of the Earths atmosphere leting in some of the energy we receive from the Sun ( UV and seeable visible radiation ) and halting it being transmitted back out into infinite ( infrared radiation the nursery consequence is the natural procedure. This makes the Earth warm plenty for people to populate. Although there have been rather stable degrees of nursery gases for many old ages, industrial and domestic energy usage has upset the balance with the grounds of clime alteration now being seen right across the planet with temperature additions and runing ice caps doing mayhem with our eco-system.Energy UseWorlds use energy such as coal, gas and oil everyday and everytime they do so carbon monoxide and other gases are absorbed by the ambiance. The natural rhythm was for the C dioxide to be reabsorbed by the workss and trees. However, we are firing so much fuel, and with worlds cutting down our rain forests. the trees and workss can no longer get by. As the increased C dioxide degrees rise they are being trapped within our atmosphere doing the temperature to lift. This is planetary heating. As the planetary temperature is lifting daily we are seeing more inundations and utmost conditions such as twisters and hurricanes. To seek to battle this we have to cut down the sum of fossil fuels we are utilizing. ( The Carbon Account ) We burn fossil fuels to make energy. From maintaining warm in our house, to fuelling our autos, to turning our nutrient, to fabricate our MP3 participants, energy is used. It is either burned straight ( gas is burnt in your boiler for illustration, and gasoline is burnt in your auto ) or it is burnt in a power station to drive turbines which generate electricity. Fossil fuels are besides burnt at assorted phases in the procedure of making nutrient, merchandises and services for our ingestion. The entire C which we as persons are responsible for is called our C footmark. ( The Carbon Account )Existing lodging stockEven presuming the Government meets its committednesss to increase lodging supply, estimates suggest that by 2050, merely one tierce of the lodging stock will hold been built after 2005. New physique represents merely about 1 % of the entire lodging stock each twelvemonth. Therefore, a significant proportion of the bing lodging stock has been built to take down energy effici ency criterions and later is responsible for the bulk of emanations from domestic homes.Barriers to energy efficiencyIf we are viciously honest the mean person is non interested in upgrading their places due to climate alteration. They are more interested if the coveted result is a direct benefit. i.e. Spending on pit wall insularity means they will hold less for themselves. They normally feel that the ‘hassle ‘ factor is excessively great. Retailers B & A ; Q stated that ‘the person is non focussed simply on monetary value but besides on the sensed attempt required and break involved in following energy salvaging engineerings within the place ‘ . It claimed that the direct benefits to the person of following energy efficiency steps tend non to be recognised because of ‘the disassociation between energy usage and costs and the consequence of lifting energy monetary values in dissembling the impact of nest eggs ‘ . The authorities section for environment, nutrient and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) besides observed that: ‘The obstructions are multiple and disputing. One obstruction is consumer inactivity due to the fuss factor, high upfront costs, and hapless information. Often consumers are confused because they are capable to multiple messages coming from multiple beginnings and they do non hold a model for measuring the comparative value and impact of different steps. Access to moo cost fundss is another issue, peculiarly for more expensive steps ‘ . Energy economy and energy efficiency are the first two steps listed in Defra ‘s hierarchy of countries for single behavioral alteration. However, some 8.5m suited places still lack pit wall insularity whilst 50 % of older belongingss are unsuitable for such betterment. Against the background in which new edifices merely account for about 1 % of the entire lodging stock each twelvemonth, greater precedence must be given to cut downing the CO2 emanations associated with the bing lodging stock. Particular focal point must be given to bing places with solid walls or level roofs that are hard to insulate. Where energy efficiency steps in bing places are merely impractical or excessively expensive, an alternate attack is to include the incorporation of renewable electricity and/or heat engineerings. This could either be within single homes ( e.g. solar H2O heating ) or to provide groups of belongingss or a community ( e.g. solar photovoltaic and air current coevals ; combined heat an d power ) .Background to climate alteration extenuationThe Kyoto ProtocolThe overarching international clime alteration understanding is the 1997 Kyoto Protoco ( 4 ) l. The Protocol requires the developed states jointly to cut down 1990 C emanations by 5.2 % over the conformity period of 2008-2012. The understanding requires developed states to cut down their nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations but allows these states to utilize a series of flexible mechanisms. Cardinal to these mechanisms is 'emissions merchandising ‘ which enables states to purchase and sell C allowances. In add-on, states can utilize either the ‘clean development mechanism ‘ ( CDM ) or ‘joint execution ‘ ( JI ) . Both the CDM and JI enable states to put in GHG decrease undertakings in other states where the costs may be less than in their domestic market. The ensuing GHG decreases can so be set against the investor state ‘s national GHG stock list. CDM and JI differ in that CDM is between a developed and developing county whereas JI is between two developed states. The Kyoto Protocol requires the European Union to cut its 1990 C emanations by 8 % by the conformity period of 2008-2012. The Kyoto pact passed into international jurisprudence in 2004.European Union contextThe EU Acts of the Apostless on behalf of all member provinces with respect to environmental issues. The EU sets pan-European environmental policy through Directives and Regulations. The EU negotiated as a individual entity at the Kyoto conference. It agreed an 8 % decrease mark for the EU. Each member province later agreed to its ain mark, with states such as the UK and Germany committing to cut down C emanations by more than the % mark whilst states such as Portugal and Ireland were allowed to increase their emanations. These comparative marks reflected the perceived relationship between development, growing and C emanations. The EU Climate Change policy purposes to restrict the planetary temperature rise to no more than 2K on norm. In February 2007 the European Union Energy Efficiency Action Plan agreed a series of ambitious marks for 2020 ( 5 ) : a 20 % addition in energy efficiency a 20 % decrease in nursery gas emanations across the EU, as compared with 1990 degrees, or 30 % if other developed states agree to take similar action a binding mark to increase the usage of renewable energy to 20 % of all energy used an addition in the usage of biofuels, to 10 % of all fuel used in conveyance. The EU ‘s precedence countries put frontward in 2007 are as follows: Introduction of steps to increase competition, promote investing and hike interconnectednesss between national energy grids. Diversification of energy beginnings and conveyance paths, and an betterment in response systems to better the security of supply. Negotiation of a new pact model for energy co-operation with Russia, and to better dealingss with energy-rich states in Central Asia and North Africa. Introduction of steps to do conveyance, electrical contraptions and edifices more energy efficient. Support of research to better the cost effectivity of renewable energy and low-carbon engineering. Construction of 12 presentation sustainable fossil fuel workss, showing engineerings such as such as C segregation and gaining control. In its 6th Environmental Action Plan ( 6 ) ( 2002-2012 ) , the EU produced ‘roadmaps ‘ for a assortment of different environmental countries including clime alteration. A precedence of the clime alteration roadmap was the debut of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive ( 1 ) ( EPBD ) .United Kingdom contextUnder the Kyoto Protocol, the UK agreed to cut down its nursery gas emanations by 12.5 % ( based on 1990 emanations ) . The UK is predicted to transcend its Kyoto mark and accomplish a decrease of 23.6 % below its 1990 degree ( 7 ) . The UK has a domestic mark to cut down C dioxide emanations by 20 % by 2010 relation to 1990 degrees but by 2005 had achieved merely a 6.4 % decrease. The 2003 Energy White Paper ( 8 ) set a new longer term mark of a 60 % cut in C emanations by 2050. The cardinal UK policies are set out in the UK Climate Change Programme ( 9 ) .The Energy Performance of Buildings DirectiveThe EPBD was adopted by the EU on 4th January2003 and had to be implemented by the European member provinces at the latest on January 4th 2006. It commits the EU to cut down CO2 by 8 % by 2010, to 5.2 % below 1990 degrees. The chief focal point of the papers is to better the energy public presentation of edifices while taking into history outdoor and indoor conditions and cost effectivity ( www.diag.org.uk ) It applies to both the residential and public sector with the chief points as follows: To place a common methodological analysis for ciphering the energy public presentation of edifices Provide lower limit criterions for energy public presentation in edifices. This besides applies to the redevelopment of bing edifices with a entire surface country greater than 1000m2. This is presently under reappraisal to include any bing edifices that undergo major redevelopments in order to run into minimal energy public presentation demands ( The ( EU ) European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive ( EPBD ) Directive Implementation Advisory Group ( www.diag.org.uk ) 2002 Energy public presentation certifications to be provided on all belongingss on alteration of tenancy Minimum energy public presentation demands to be set in regard of proficient edifice systems, e.g. boilers, air-conditioning units.Alternate and Renewable EnergyIncreased usage of renewable energy, including micro-renewables, can do an of import part to attempts to cut down C emanations in support of clime alteration and renewable energy aims. The Scots Executive is committed to doing an just part to the UK Kyoto mark to cut down 1990 degrees of nursery gas emanations by 12.5 % by 2012, and has set a mark that 40 % of electricity generated in Scotland should come from renewable beginnings by 2020. ( Planing for micro renewables – Renewable energy engineerings, Scottish Executive, Development Department ) Microgeneration is widely accepted to be the production of heat ( less than 45 kilowatt capacity ) and/or electricity ( less than 50kW capacity ) from zero or low C beginning engineerings. In add-on to the C benefits, increased usage of micro-renewables dramas an of import portion in diversifying our energy mix guaranting security of energy supply. It can let energy to be produced and consumed locally, assist relieve fuel poorness ( particularly in off-gas web countries ) and play a portion in run intoing renewable energy marks. Progresss in micro-renewable engineerings and increasing consciousness of the benefits of renewables have helped guarantee a steady rise in their usage across Scotland. Micro renewables can make local employment, in footings of fabrication and installing and in supplying the biomass fuel supply concatenation. There are a broad scope of micro-renewable engineerings which can be retrofitted to bing edifices.Land Source Heat PumpsThe mean land temperature merely below the surface, in the UK is between 8 °C and 13 °C, this temperature remains changeless throughout the twelvemonth. Ground beginning heat pumps ( GSHP ) are a agencies of tapping into and using this resource. GSHP were invented more than 50 old ages ago, and uninterrupted development has greatly improved their efficiency and dependability. It is now a proven, cost-efficient, safe and environmentally friendly alternate to fossil fuels, that is cost-efficient for certain commercial and domestic applications, peculiarly where brinies gas is non available. The market for GSHP is presently little but turning – they are presently more common in the USA and the remainder of Europe. The entire figure of bing installings in the UK is estimated at around 600-700 units. The chief market for GSHP are domestic lodging ( which makes it ideal for retrofitting bing lodging ) , commercial belongingss non connected to the natural gas web and commercial industrial belongingss with stable heat demand. It is estimated that there is the possible for the figure of installings to increase. GSHP are most likely to be an option where there is no entree to natural gas and so the option may be oil or direct electric warming ( storage warmers ) . Heat pumps land cringles can be laid in the land or in H2O such as rivers, lakes or pools.How Do They WorkTo entree thermic energy, spirals or cringles of particular class pipe demand to be buried in the land either in horizontal trenches or perpendicular boreholes. Horizontal trenches are a cheaper option and by and large used where there is sufficient infinite. Where there is non adequate land to make horizontal trenches, perpendicular boreholes can be used, these usually require to travel down at least 60 metres and are the more expensive option, but will supply higher efficiencies since the temperature of the Earth is higher at greater deepnesss, and less power is needed to pump the fluid around the circuit. The length and size of land cringles is designed to fit the heating demands of the belongings. The trenches or boreholes required for the land loops can be dug and backfilled by a standard Earth excavator. Systems operate by go arounding H2O ( or another fluid ) through pipes buried in theground. The H2O in the pipes is lower than the environing land and so it warms up somewhat. This low class heat is transferred to a heat pump, which raises the temperature to around 50A °C. The heat pumps typically supplying 4 units of energy from 1 unit of electricity. The bing will necessitate sufficient land available for installing of the land works. The dimensions of trenches or boreholes will change between makers. The land above where heat pipes are installed can be used for unfastened infinite or covered over with difficult stuffs. Where there are bing lakes or pools or where it is proposed to put in Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems ( SUDS ) , the chance to put in land beginning heat pumps beneath the surface of the H2O should be considered. Similarly in larger developments with unfastened infinite demands, land beginning heat pumps could be laid beneath greeenspaces.Biomass EnergyBiomass is an alternate solid fuel to the conventional dodo fuels and has an impact on C emanations that is near to impersonal. The chief benefit of biomass engineering is the significantly reduced degree of C emanations owing to the fuel carrying nothing ( or really near to zero ) C load. Over their lifecycle, biomass fuels sourced and processed from sustainable beginnings within 25 stat mis of the biomass works can be regarded as C impersonal and therefore the fuel carries no C load. Many biomass fuels transported for greater distances can besides be regarded as C neutral because the alternate finish of the fuel is frequently land-fill where it would break up to bring forth methane, which is significantly more powerful as a nursery gas than CO2. Assorted types of biomass fuel are in usage, the most common being the woody biomass, which includes forest residues such as tree cuttings, and energy harvests such as willow short rotary motion brush. Biomass is converted into a manageable signifier that can be straight fed to the heat or power coevals works, therefore replacing fossil fuel. As a consequence, applications can run from large-scale heating boilers to single house room warmers to combined heat and power coevals ( CHP ) . For edifice applications, the fuel normally takes the signifier of wood french friess, logs and pellets. Wood pellets are basically compacted high-density wood with low wet content, therefore holding a higher calorific value per unit volume or weight. Supply and storage of the biomass fuel should be carefully considered particularly for larger workss. The typical applications are: Biomass boilers replacing standard gas- or oil-fired boilers for infinite warming and hot H2O ( for single edifices or territory heating systems ) . Standalone room warmers for infinite warming. Stoves with back boilers, providing domestic hot H2O. Biomass CHP for heat and electricity coevals Appliances can accomplish efficiencies of more that 80 % . Sizes start at 3 5kW capacity for room warmers and travel up to 100s of kilowatt or MW for industrial-scale workss and community energy strategies. Many of the applications are sized to run into a specific base burden, with extra top-up and back-up provided by gas boilers. Although biomass is a widespread engineering in many European and North American states, in the UK the market is non yet good developed. However, applications of small-scale boilers and single room warmers are increasing. These devices can run on logs, wood bit or pellets, with the latter designed for either manual or automatic provender. An incorporate hot H2O storage armored combat vehicle or an collector can enable the supply of heat to be decoupled from the existent burning of the fuel. The capital cost of machine-controlled biomass heating systems is significantly greater than that of conventional 1s, chiefly because of the more complicated feeding mechanisms and the presently smaller market for biomass contraptions. A typical 1OkW automated domestic biomass range would be between ?1,500 and ?2,000, and the fuel monetary values are around ?60-65 per metric ton of woodchip ( 25 % wet content ) and ?160-200 per metric ton of delivered wood pellets. Biomass CHP workss are suited for larger graduated table undertakings and look feasible at capacities above 0.5MW. Sizing demands to reflect the proportion of heat demand planned to be met by the CHP.Solar EnergyEnergy from the Sun has been harnessed for 1000s of old ages. Scotland has one of the best conditions in Europe for doing usage of solar energy. This may look surprising, as solar radiation degrees are comparatively lower than in other European states. This is, nevertheless, offset by the fact that we heat our places for more months of the twelvemonth, leting better use of available solar energy overall. Solar energy can be utilised in several ways, includin g inactive solar design, solar hot H2O systems and photo-voltaic cells ( PV ) , which generate electricity from solar radiation. The sum of electricity that can be produced from solar panels will change with the strength of sunshine, the type of engineering being used, and any overshadowing by trees or edifices. However, even on the cloudiest yearss energy comes from indirect sunshine, called diffuse solar radiation. On a cloudy twenty-four hours PV cells can bring forth up to 30 % of the power end product of a cheery twenty-four hours. However, there is still an inevitable mismatch between peak handiness and peak demand of energy. This deficit can be overcome by uniting solar energy with a complementary engineering such as air current which has a different seasonal form.CO2 decrease utilizing Solar EnergyBoth energy and C emanations nest eggs can be made with solar engineerings. The mean domestic solar hot H2O system can cut down CO2 emanations by 0.25-0.5 metric ton per twelvemont h, depending on the fuel replaced, and supply about all of a place ‘s hot waterduring the summer months.Cost of Solar EnergySolar PV is presently one of the most expensive engineerings, nevertheless, monetary values of solar power systems have steadily fallen over the past decennary and are anticipated to go on to fall as the engineering progresss and economic systems of graduated table occur. They have proved to be really dependable and can hold a design life of 25 old ages or more. Costss vary due to a scope of factors such as size of aggregator, type of roof and geographic location. Solar panels by and large require really small care other than guaranting they are kept comparatively clean, look intoing that shadiness from trees has non become a job and where applicable inspecting the battery battalions.Types of SystemsSolar Hot Water SystemsSolar thermal and, particularly, active Solar Domestic Hot Water ( SDHW ) warming is a well-established renewable energy system in many states outside the UK. It can be one of the most cost-efficient renewable energy systems available. Solar hot H2O systems have been available in the UK since the 1970s and the engineering is now good developed with a big pick of equipment to accommodate many applications. Solar hot H2O systems are chiefly used for domestic H2O heating but can besides be used in other scenes such as light industrial, agricultural usage and swimming pools. In the UK, an mean family will cut down its one-year energy ingestion degrees for supplying hot H2O by about 50 % after put ining a solar hot H2O system. For a individual typical house, for case, a suited H2O warming system would busy 2.5-4m2 of roof infinite. The cost would be ?l,500-?5,000 for a level home base system that will supply around 50 % of the typical hot H2O demand, and up to ?5,000 for an evacuated tubing system that will supply around 60 % . Solar hot H2O systems work on the rule of H2O being pumped through the solar panel and heated by solar energy when the Sun is reflecting. This het H2O so flows through a heat money changer, warming the stored H2O in the hot cylinder. In consequence this serves to pre-heat the H2O so that less energy is required from traditional beginnings such as the boiler. The aggregators are soundless and generate no emanations. The cardinal constituent in a solar hot H2O system is the aggregator. There are four different types of solar aggregators ; Glazed selective surface level home base systems glazed non-selective level home base systems glassless plastic level home base aggregators ( largely used for swimming pool warming ) evacuated tubing systems Flat Plate Collectors These are the simplest and most common signifier of solar hot H2O warming panels. They are made from a sheet of metal painted black which absorbs the Sun ‘s energy. The metal sheet is embedded in an insulated box and covered with glass or clear plastic on the forepart. Water is fed through the panel in pipes attached to the metal sheet and picks up the heat in the metal. These types of systems are sometimes described as holding a similar visual aspect as a sky-light, although they tend to be larger than a typical fanlight. Flat home base aggregators can be positioned on roofs or walls.Evacuated Tube CollectorsThese are made of rows of analogue, crystalline glass tubings. Inside each tubing is a level or curved metal home base, attached to a pipe. They are more efficient because heat loss by convection is negligible compared to the level home base aggregator system. They therefore tend to necessitate less country, but can be more expensive.Photo-Voltaic ( PV )PV systems convert solar radiation into electricity. The greater the strength of the visible radiation, the greater the flow of electricity. PV solar panels may change in visual aspect, but they are by and large dark in coloring material and have low brooding belongingss. They can besides change in size and are normally grouped together to organize a PV array to run into the needed end product of electricity. A typical PV array on a home house will cover an country of between 9-18m2. They have no moving parts, generate no noise or emanations, and can be integrated into all types of edifices – houses, commercial and public edifices. PV solar panels can either be mounted on constructions or free-standing, and come in a scope of signifiers such as faculties, laminates and solar tiles. PV solar panels or tile systems can be used in topographic point of, or in add-on to, traditional roof or facade stuffs. They can intermix in with the built environment to understate the aesthetic impact on the edifi ce. These types of merchandises can function a double map: as edifice stuff and as a beginning of renewable energy. They may be installed on bing constructions, although costs may be lower if they are integrated into the design of new constructions. Presently, a PV system will be between ?4.5k and ?1Ok per kWp, and often portion of this cost can be offset owing to the supplanting of a conventional facing stuff. Costss have fallen significantly since the first systems were installed and are predicted to fall farther still. Deployment in the UK had started with several building-integrated field test strategies and a major presentation programme. While individual crystal Si remains the most efficient level home base engineering ( 1 5-1 6 % transition efficiency ) , it besides has the least possible for cost decrease. PV cells made from multicrystalline Si have become popular as they are less expensive to bring forth, although they have a somewhat lower efficiency. Thin movie faculties are constructed by lodging highly thin beds of light-sensitive stuffs on a low-priced backup such as glass, unstained steel or plastic. As much less semiconducting material stuff is required than for crystalline Si cells, stuff costs are potentially much lower. Efficiencies are much lower, around 4-5 % , although this can be boosted to 8-10 % by.depositing two or three beds of thin movie stuff. Thin movie production besides requires less managing as the movies are produced as big, complete faculties and non as single cells that have to be mounted in frames and wired together. Hence, there is the possible for important cost decreases with volume production. In future, stuffs such as dye-sensitised polymers may offer very-low-cost PV stuffs, but the efficiency of these stuffs demands to be improved from their present low degrees ( 1-2 % ) . Since PVs generate DC end product, an inverter and other equipment is needed to present the power to a edifice or the grid in an acceptable AC signifier. The cost of the inverter and these ‘Balance Of System ‘ ( BOS ) constituents can near 50 % of the entire cost of a PV system. Hence, simplification and cost decreases in these constituents over the coming old ages will besides be necessary to do PV systems low-cost.Micro combined heat and power ( micro CHP )What is micro CHP?‘Micro-CHP ‘ bases for micro combined heat and power. This refers to a warming engineering which generates heat and electricity at the same time, from the same energy beginning, in single places or edifices. The chief end product of a micro-CHP system is heat with some electricity coevals, at a typical ratio of approximately 6:1 for domestic contraptions. Any electricity generated and non used in the place can be exported back to the grid. A typical domestic system is expected to hold the possible to bring forth up to 1kW of electricity per hr one time warmed up. This would be plenty to power the lighting and contraptions in a typical place. The sum of electricity generated finally depends on how long the system is running. Most domestic micro-CHP systems today use mains gas or LPG as a warming fuel, although they can besides be powered by oil or bio fuels. While gas and oil are non renewable energy beginnings ( they are fossil fuels ) , the engineering is still considered to be a ‘low C engineering ‘ because it is more efficient than merely firing the dodo fuel for heat and acquiring electricity from the national grid. Micro-CHP systems are comparable in size and form to an ordinary, modern, domestic boiler and can be wall hung like most boilers, or floor standing. Servicing costs and care are estimated to be similar to a standard boiler – although a specializer will be required. The lone difference to a standard boiler is that they are able to bring forth electricity while they are heating H2O.A What are the benefits?Micro-CHP has a figure of benefits, including:Electricity coevals as a byproduct of heatWhen the micro-CHP is bring forthing heat, the internal engine or fuel celll will besides bring forth electricity to be used in your place ( or exported ) .Carbon nest eggsBy bring forthing electricity on-site you are salvaging important sums of C as there are minimum losingss happening as compared with the grid.Fiscal incomeMicro-CHP is eligible for Feed-in Tariffs and you will gain 10p for each kWh generated by your system. You will besides have 3p for each kWh you export.Installation is easyThere is really small complexness to put ining a micro-CHP unit. If you already have a conventional boiler so a micro-CHP unit should be able to replace it as it ‘s approximately the same size. Given the electricity generated, an lineman will besides be involved w ith the installing but this is something the installer will organize.A How does micro CHP work?There are 3 chief micro-CHP engineerings. The difference is the manner in which they generate electricity, which can be done in the undermentioned ways: Stirling engine Fuel cell Internal burning engine Stirling Engine micro-CHP is new to the market, although the principal of the Stirling engine is good established. By and large Stirling engine micro CHP requires a short warm up period before they start bring forthing electrical power. Stirling engines are typically for edifices with smaller heat demands and would be appropriate for domestic applications in the UK. The latest Stirling engine based micro CHP units allow electricity to be generated earlier after being turned on, and are more efficient at bring forthing heat. Stirling engine micro-CHP contraptions are now being installed in places in the UK. Fuel cell CHP engineering is new to the market in the UK and globally. Fuel cells work by taking energy from fuel at a chemical degree instead than firing it. The engineering is still at developmental phase and non presently available to consumers. Internal burning engine CHP is the most proved engineering. These are basically, and sometimes literally, truck diesel engines modified to run on natural gas or warming oil, which are connected straight to an electrical generator. Heat is so taken from the engine ‘s cooling H2O and fumes manifold. By and large they produce twice every bit much heat as electrical power and have, to day of the month, been chiefly used in larger commercial-scale applications in the UK.A Geting the most out of a micro CHPMicro-CHP systems should ever be installed and run to run into the warming demands of the edifice, instead than to bring forth more heat than is needed merely to run into electricity demand. The electricity generated should be treated as a utile byproduct of heat coevals. For this ground, electricity will merely be generated when there is a heat demand. Most domestic micro CHP systems will hold two burners, one little ( engine burner ) and one big ( auxiliary burner ) . Electricity will be produced whist utilizing a little burner, so pull offing the usage of your warming and hot H2O will do certain you get the best ratio of heat to electricity as possible. For illustration, if you heat hot H2O entirely so the boiler will merely utilize the little burner and generate electricity. However, if you want to heat hot H2O and H2O for infinite warming at the same clip the boiler may hold to utilize the larger burner so use more gas and non bring forth any extra electricity than if you were merely utilizing the little burner entirely. If the heat end product additions beyond 6kW the micro-CHP will non bring forth extra electricity above 1kW. Before sing micro CHP you should carefully reexamine your one-year heat ingestion. Since they merely generate electricity when there is a heat demand, Micro-CHP systems are most cost effectual in houses with big heat demands that can non be reduced by other agencies such as upgrading insularity, draft proofing and other low C heat engineerings such as wood ranges. For difficult to handle belongingss, such as older edifices, which have a higher than normal heat burden and where it ‘s really hard to handle so a micro-CHP unit may be an option. ( Energy Saving Trust UK Scotland )Wind energy engineeringWind power is the most successful and fastest distributing renewable energy engineering in the UK with a figure of single and group installings of changing size, capacity and location. Traditionally, turbines are installed in non-urban countries with a strong tendency for big offshore air current farms. In analogue with the design and development of ever-bigger machines, which are deemed to be more efficient and cost-efficient, it is being progressively recognised that smaller devices installed at the point of usage, i.e. urban scenes, can play an of import function in cut downing C emanations if they become mainstream. At present there is a broad scope of available off-the-rack air current merchandises, many manufactured in the UK and EU with proven good public presentation and lastingness. The dominant type is horizontal axis air current turbines ( HAWT ) , which are typically ground mounted. Vertical axis air current turbines ( VAWT ) have limited market presence and there is a tradeoff between lower efficiency and potentially higher opposition to extreme conditions. Capacity ranges from 500W to more than 1 SMW, but, for practical intents and in built-up countries in peculiar, machines of more than 1 kilowatts and below 500kW are likely to be considered. Wind engineering is besides presently one of the most cost-efficient renewable energy engineerings, which is attributable to the big graduated table of installings cut downing the unit end product cost. Individual edifice or community wind undertakings, although smaller, have the advantage of feeding electricity straight into the edifice ‘s electricity circuit, therefore saving dearly-won distribution web development and avoiding distribution losingss. The downside is the still high capital cost per kilowatt installed for smaller turbines, plus location restraints, such as ocular invasion and noise. The air current government in urban countries is besides a concern owing to higher air current turbulency which reduces the possible electricity end product. In most instances, wind turbines are connected to the electricity grid and all generated energy is used irrespective of the edifice demand fluctuations. The end product mostly depends on the air current velocity and the correla tivity between the two is a cube map. This means that in short periods of above-average air current speeds the coevals increases exponentially. As a consequence, it is hard to do precise computations of the one-year end product of a turbine, but mean figures can supply utile counsel to interior decorators and designers. In moderately blowy countries ( mean wind velocity of 6m/s ) the expected end product from 1 kilowatts installed is about 2500kWh yearly. The cost per kilowatt installed varies well by maker and size of machine with an declarative bracket of ?2,500-?5,000. With a lifetime of more than 20 old ages, wind turbines can salvage money if design and planning are carried out in a robust manner. Building-integrated air current turbines are get downing to be a world in the UK, but possible undertakings may confront troubles with obtaining be aftering permission. There are a few illustrations now of permitted development rights for certain rooftop turbines in some local councils. A figure of horizontal axis devices specifically designed for edifice integrating are now available commercially, holding design and dependability parametric quantities relevant to the urban context. Building-mounted perpendicular axis devices are under development. At present, turbines installed near edifices, every bit good as community installings for groups of edifices, should be regarded as the larger air current energy beginning related to edifices, when they contribute to the C emanations from these premises utilizing ‘private wire ‘ webs. However, the part of several building-integrated turbines in a development is likely to go important in the following few old ages.

Reaction Paper on Roger and Me Essays

Reaction Paper on Roger and Me Essays Reaction Paper on Roger and Me Essay Reaction Paper on Roger and Me Essay Roger and Me is a documentary starring Michael Moore that reveals the hard hitting economic impact General Motors left on Flint, Michigan. Throughout the film it is clear that General Motors was a huge factor in Flint’s financial system and slowly by surely it becomes evident that many of the residents living in Flint were eventually someway shape or form affected by layoffs from General Motors. These layoffs came from General Motors attempt to adopt the concept of globalization, all the while General Motors tries to make sense out of the lay offs by stating that the Japanese auto makers were intense competition and their only result at the time was to either close the factories or look to the government for subsidies. While all this is being said, the truth had been told that General Motors was experiencing some of the highest profit rates in the previous years of that company. There are a couple of reasons why I would partially side with Roger Smith, however given the opportunity to be placed in Mr. Smiths shoes my loyalty would be completely with the workers that helped General Motors make the company what it was. Globalization. This is the key to almost any major corporation, why? Because everyone’s goal is to be profitable throughout the seven continents as well as number one, and in order to be the best u must take your company on a multi national level. This is exactly what Roger smith was trying to accomplish. From a business point of view it is understood that no matter how well your doing, you always want to do better, however putting 80,000 people out of work without any just reason besides the dollar signs flashing in ones eyes is unacceptable. What I observed was a man who not only tried to elevate his company to a global level, but without a doubt had an insatiable craving for money. This statement is proven when General Motors made a direct investment into Mexico therefore instead of paying the loyal employees actual working rates, local Mexicans would be paid next to nothing. General Motors left a huge mark on Flint, Michigan, and after watching Roger and Me it left a huge mark on my thoughts about the company. After crippling Flint’s economic state Roger Smith did not even take the time to face the horrible facts. Truth of the matters is he knew how it would affect the town but frankly did not care at all. With the plants closing it not only took a toll on the employees who worked their, but the whole town. With 80,000 jobs being lost in one town that is certain to affect 9 out of 10 households in Flint eventually causing the whole town to fall. Most working class citizens cannot live off of one income if their spouse is not working and with General motors no longer being able to supply the bulk of the jobs in Flint any longer this caused people to move willingly and some unwillingly. Many businesses were forced to close down because there was no one left any longer to help the business’s stay a float financially. This unfortunately was an event that Flint till this day has not recovered and seems if the town will never recover. To this day Flint is poverty stricken, and abandoned buildings are still vacant. Just to look back on the devastation Roger Smith brought to this town, I wonder if he ever really took a look at what he had done to an entire town and if he had at least an ounce of remorse at all. Quite honestly I don’t think he ever did, but that is a wish I would like to come true so he could understand the burden he placed in these hard workers filled with loyalty. Without a doubt in my mind Michael Moore was 100% correct with approaching Roger Smith the way he did and I completely agree with the reasons he tried to contact him. In a sense I do feel that a company should have a loyalty to their employees and vice versa. Given a different financial issue concerning General Motors I would have possibly understood if they had to lay off a couple people or maybe close one plant, but there were no financial troubles to be foreseen at all, just pure greed. Roger Smith should have owned up to what he did instead of constantly running away from questions that he could not answer and still go home with a clean conscience. Just to think about the neglect to care for the welfare of loyal employees sickens me and gives me a negative outlook on General Motors. Theses sort of issues effect the average worker as myself, because I myself have worked for companies where people dedicate themselves to a job as well as do everything the job asks and more only to get nothing in return but a handshake out the door. Overall I enjoyed this film because it opened my eyes up to a lot that goes on in this world, not just within General Motors. Even though I have seen this film before I never got a chance to dissect the reasons behind Roger Smith actions and didn’t really look at how it devastated a town, took the town from something, to absolutely nothing. Given the disturbing effect that General Motors caused, I feel as though a company should not be allowed to disable a community like this, it just seems to be morally unjust. Aside from that, the disloyalty would make anyone turn to the company they work for and weigh how much they are putting into a job, and what they are getting out of it and work definitely should not be that way. Hopefully in the future there could be something set in stone to keep another company from causing destruction to our own American people.

Marco and Mirco Economic Affecting the Performance of Aon Corporation Essay

Marco and Mirco Economic Affecting the Performance of Aon Corporation Shares - Essay Example This paper will seek to analyze macro and microeconomic factors of this company affecting its daily performance in thte sale of its shares in the stock exchange market. Although the company has been receiving different awards in different categories in its services provision arena, there are other factors influencing its performance of its major product, shares, in the stock exchange market. Aon has relevant demand and supply factors that influence its sales of shares and the volume of accrued profits at the end of its fiscal year. For instance, there are global factors that affect its reinsurance brokerage supply chain such as record reinsurer capital. Documented evidence shows that, due to reinsurance supply of reinsurer capital, the level of reinsurer capital increased by 17 percent, during the first nine months of 2010, surpassing its peak capital level of 2007. Surprisingly, reinsurer capital of Aon is still in excess of demand for capacity up to date and because of this demand, the level of traded shares increased drastically. According to Aon Benfield, the demand for its shares has been a fundamental and overwhelming factor for the majority of its services. This is because; insurers are facing downward pricing pressure forcing them to release more of their redundancies hence increasing their demand for reinsurance (Baumol & Blinder, 2008:84). This is practically vital for Aon Corporation since increased demand for reinsurance means more profits as stock exchange market participation rises in order to raise adequate funds for the extra demand and supply. The market structure of Aon Corporation with response to trading of shares in the stock exchange market is a wide one, figured to deliver the best and effective services to its active stock exchange market share buyers and sellers worldwide through sub branches, online, or phone (eTrade) (Wapler, 2003:46). Due to its need to have a structured market globally, it established Global Business Units that help to integrate its corporate culture of work within as well as across borders. What connects all these units is the Company’s shared purpose and vision, which has uniform standards together with a state of the art technology. This global network of companies provides the most effective structure of market suitable for its share trading and active participation in the stock exchange market. There are few things that Aon Corporation should do in order to, either continue making profits in this market structure or move towards more profit generating market structure. To begin with, Aon has an organic market structure that depends primarily on its existing demand for risks, need for insurance, human resource consulting services and hugely on share trading. Secondly, its structural market also targets corporations, government arms, insurance companies and so many other organizations with potent ability to actively-participate in the stock exchange market. With such a broad market s tructure, the company continues to record a great deal of profits from its sell of shares. Despite accruing profits from sell of its shares at this structural market, the company experiences cyclical economic swings owing to stock exchange market fluctuations that impose more pressure on the active participation in the stock exchange market of the company. As a result, there is need for maintenance and creation of a more reputable market structure